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1: Tasanarong T, Patntirapong S, Aupaphong V. The inhibitory effect of a novel
neem paste against cariogenic bacteria. J Clin Exp Dent. 2021 Nov
1;13(11):e1083-e1088. doi: 10.4317/jced.58781. PMID: 34824693; PMCID:
PMC8601697.
2: Nandlal B, Sreenivasan PK, Shashikumar P, Devishree G, Bettahalli Shivamallu
A. A randomized clinical study to examine the oral hygiene efficacy of a novel
herbal toothpaste with zinc over a 6-month period. Int J Dent Hyg. 2021
Nov;19(4):440-449. doi: 10.1111/idh.12505. Epub 2021 May 7. PMID: 33866666.
3: Nimbulkar G, Garacha V, Shetty V, Bhor K, Srivastava KC, Shrivastava D,
Sghaireen MG. Microbiological and Clinical evaluation of Neem gel and
Chlorhexidine gel on Dental Plaque and Gingivitis in 20-30 Years Old Adults: A
Randomized Parallel-Armed, Double-Blinded Controlled Trial. J Pharm Bioallied
Sci. 2020 Aug;12(Suppl 1):S345-S351. doi: 10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_101_20. Epub 2020
Aug 28. PMID: 33149484; PMCID: PMC7595480.
4: Bansal V, Gupta M, Bhaduri T, Shaikh SA, Sayed FR, Bansal V, Agrawal A.
Assessment of Antimicrobial Effectiveness of Neem and Clove Extract Against
Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans: An In vitro
Study. Niger Med J. 2019 Nov-Dec;60(6):285-289. doi: 10.4103/nmj.NMJ_20_19. Epub
2020 Feb 24. PMID: 32180657; PMCID: PMC7053276.
5: Morris J, Gonzales CB, De La Chapa JJ, Cabang AB, Fountzilas C, Patel M,
Orozco S, Wargovich MJ. The Highly Pure Neem Leaf Extract, SCNE, Inhibits
Tumorigenesis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Disruption of Pro-tumor
Inflammatory Cytokines and Cell Signaling. Front Oncol. 2019 Sep 13;9:890. doi:
10.3389/fonc.2019.00890. PMID: 31572681; PMCID: PMC6753233.
6: Divya Kumari P, Shenoy SM, Khijmatgar S, Chowdhury A, Lynch E, Chowdhury CR.
Antibacterial activity of new atraumatic restorative treatment materials
incorporated with Azadirachta indica (Neem) against Streptococcus mutans. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2019 Oct-Dec;9(4):321-325. doi:
10.1016/j.jobcr.2019.06.014. Epub 2019 Jun 27. PMID: 31334005; PMCID:
PMC6624245.
7: Niazi FH, Kamran MA, Naseem M, AlShahrani I, Fraz TR, Hosein M. Anti-plaque
Efficacy of Herbal Mouthwashes Compared to Synthetic Mouthwashes in Patients
Undergoing Orthodontic Treatment: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Oral Health
Prev Dent. 2018;16(5):409-416. doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a40983. PMID: 30151504.
8: Mittal N, Joshi VK, Srivastava RK, Singh SP. Efficacy of Ayurvedic drugs as
compared to chlorhexidine in management of chronic periodontitis: A randomized
controlled clinical study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2018 Jan-Feb;22(1):28-33.
doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_315_16. PMID: 29568169; PMCID: PMC5855265.
9: Jalaluddin M, Rajasekaran UB, Paul S, Dhanya RS, Sudeep CB, Adarsh VJ.
Comparative Evaluation of Neem Mouthwash on Plaque and Gingivitis: A Double-
blind Crossover Study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2017 Jul 1;18(7):567-571. doi:
10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2085. PMID: 28713109.
10: Anbalagan R, Srikanth P, Mani M, Barani R, Seshadri KG, Janarthanan R. Next
generation sequencing of oral microbiota in Type 2 diabetes mellitus prior to
and after neem stick usage and correlation with serum monocyte
chemoattractant-1. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017 Aug;130:204-210. doi:
10.1016/j.diabres.2017.06.009. Epub 2017 Jun 13. PMID: 28648853.
11: Tadikonda A, Pentapati KC, Urala AS, Acharya S. Anti-plaque and anti-
gingivitis effect of Papain, Bromelain, Miswak and Neem containing dentifrice: A
randomized controlled trial. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017 May 1;9(5):e649-e653. doi:
10.4317/jced.53593. PMID: 28512541; PMCID: PMC5429476.
12: Dhingra K, Vandana KL. Effectiveness of Azadirachta indica (neem) mouthrinse
in plaque and gingivitis control: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2017
Feb;15(1):4-15. doi: 10.1111/idh.12191. Epub 2016 Feb 15. PMID: 26876277.
13: Abhishek KN, Supreetha S, Sam G, Khan SN, Chaithanya KH, Abdul N. Effect of
Neem containing Toothpaste on Plaque and Gingivitis–A Randomized Double Blind
Clinical Trial. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2015 Nov 1;16(11):880-3. doi: 10.5005/jp-
journals-10024-1776. PMID: 26718296.
14: Lakshmi T, Krishnan V, Rajendran R, Madhusudhanan N. Azadirachta indica: A
herbal panacea in dentistry – An update. Pharmacogn Rev. 2015 Jan-
Jun;9(17):41-4. doi: 10.4103/0973-7847.156337. PMID: 26009692; PMCID:
PMC4441161.
15: Sharma A, Sankhla B, Parkar SM, Hongal S, K T, Cg A. Effect of traditionally
used neem and babool chewing stick (datun) on streptococcus mutans: an in-vitro
study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Jul;8(7):ZC15-7. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/9817.4549.
Epub 2014 Jul 20. PMID: 25177629; PMCID: PMC4149135.
16: Ghonmode WN, Balsaraf OD, Tambe VH, Saujanya KP, Patil AK, Kakde DD.
Comparison of the antibacterial efficiency of neem leaf extracts, grape seed
extracts and 3% sodium hypochlorite against E. feacalis – An in vitro study. J
Int Oral Health. 2013 Dec;5(6):61-6. Epub 2013 Dec 26. PMID: 24453446; PMCID:
PMC3895719.
17: Balappanavar AY, Sardana V, Singh M. Comparison of the effectiveness of 0.5%
tea, 2% neem and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwashes on oral health: a randomized
control trial. Indian J Dent Res. 2013 Jan-Feb;24(1):26-34. doi:
10.4103/0970-9290.114933. PMID: 23852229.
18: Jenner F, Jaleel VA, Kulshrestha R, Maheswar G, Rao PK, Kranthi J.
Evaluating the antimicrobial activity of commercially available herbal
toothpastes on microorganisms associated with diabetes mellitus. J Contemp Dent
Pract. 2013 Sep 1;14(5):924-9. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1427. PMID:
24685799.
19: Malhotra R, Grover V, Kapoor A, Saxena D. Comparison of the effectiveness of
a commercially available herbal mouthrinse with chlorhexidine gluconate at the
clinical and patient level. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011 Oct;15(4):349-52.
doi: 10.4103/0972-124X.92567. PMID: 22368358; PMCID: PMC3283931.
20: Mickenautsch S, Yengopal V. Extent and quality of systematic review evidence
related to minimum intervention in dentistry: essential oils, powered
toothbrushes, triclosan, xylitol. Int Dent J. 2011 Aug;61(4):179-92. doi:
10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00055.x. PMID: 21851349.
21: Balappanavar AY, Nagesh L, Ankola AV, Tangade PS, Kakodkar P, Varun S.
Antimicrobial efficacy of various disinfecting solutions in reducing the
contamination of the toothbrush — a comparative study. Oral Health Prev Dent.
2009;7(2):137-45. PMID: 19583039.
22: Sharma S, Saimbi CS, Koirala B, Shukla R. Effect of various mouthwashes on
the levels of interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma in chronic gingivitis. J Clin
Pediatr Dent. 2008 Winter;32(2):111-4. doi: 10.17796/jcpd.32.2.u01p135561161476.
PMID: 18389675.
23: Almas K. The antimicrobial effects of extracts of Azadirachta indica (Neem)
and Salvadora persica (Arak) chewing sticks. Indian J Dent Res. 1999 Jan-
Mar;10(1):23-6. PMID: 10865390.